Source: www.nytimes.com --- Thursday, August 30, 2012
?Oh, Canada,? a sprawling exhibition at Mass MoCA, may tell you more about Canada?s identity crisis than it does about Canadian art. ...
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Public release date: 30-Aug-2012
Share ] Contact: Matt Swayne
mls29@psu.edu
814-865-9481
Penn State
Fungi found in plants may not be the answer to mitigating climate change by storing additional carbon in soils as some previously thought, according to an international team of plant biologists.
The researchers found that increased carbon dioxide stimulates the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) -- a type of fungus that is often found in the roots of most land plants -- which then leads to higher decomposition rates of organic materials, said Lei Cheng, post doctorate fellow in plant science, Penn State. This decomposition releases more carbon dioxide back into the air, which means that terrestrial ecosystems may have limited capacity to halt climate change by cleaning up excessive greenhouse gases, according to the researchers.
"Prior to our study, there have been few studies on whether elevated levels of carbon dioxide would stimulate organic carbon decomposition through AMF," said Cheng.
To study the effect of higher levels of carbon dioxide on AMF-mediated decomposition, the researchers conducted four experiments, two in greenhouses and two in fields to mimic the earth's expected North American atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. They studied plots of a wild oat species, which is native to Eurasia and now common in North American grasslands, and wheat.
In the experiments, one plot was treated with AMF, the other did not have the fungus. Both plots were exposed to higher than currently existing carbon dioxide levels. After a ten-week gestation period, the sample of plants with AMF had 9 percent less carbon in the soil than the plot that was not treated with AMF, indicating that the carbon was released back into the atmosphere.
"Basically, we showed that elevated carbon dioxide increases carbon allocation to AMF to increase plant nitrogen uptake, and higher AMF facilitate organic residue decomposition which releases carbon dioxide into the air," said Cheng.
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide did significantly increase the size of the AMF colonies and carbon allocation underground, according to the researchers, who released their findings in the Aug. 30 issue of Science. However, the storage of carbon is offset by the role of AMF in facilitating decomposition.
"We used to think that this excess carbon would be sequestered in the soil," said Cheng. "So, that could help mitigate climate change, but it doesn't appear to be so."
They also studied the effect on a wheat and soybean field. In this experiment, Cheng said elevated levels of carbon dioxide increased both the size of AMF colonies and decomposition.
AMF colonies, which are found in the roots of 80 percent of land plant species, play a critical role in the earth's carbon cycle. The fungus receives and stores carbon -- a byproduct of the plant's photosynthesis -- from its host plant in its long vein-like structures. A plant stores about 20 percent of its carbon in AMF, according to Cheng.
AMF also help the plant capture nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen.
"We found that, under elevated carbon dioxide levels, AMF supply more nitrogen to their host plants by acquiring ammonium directly from decomposing residues," Cheng said. "So the good news is that AMF's role in the plant's nitrogen uptake may open up the possibility of keeping carbon in the soil."
When there are higher carbon dioxide levels, the plant's ability to take in nitrates is inhibited and it then adds more carbon to fungi like AMF to acquire ammonium, said Cheng. The management of soil nitrogen transformations may provide a promising strategy of restoring levels of carbon sequestration under higher carbon dioxide conditions.
###
Cheng worked with Fitzgerald L. Booker, plant physiologist and professor of crop science, and Kent O. Burkey, plant physiologist and professor of crop science and botany, both of North Carolina State University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; Thomas W. Rufty, Bayer Distinguished Professor, department of crop science, Shuijin Hu, associate professor of plant pathology, H. David Shew, professor of plant pathology, and Cong Tu, research specialist, all of North Carolina State University, and Lishi Zhou, department of plant pathology, North Carolina State University and State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science.
The USDA supported this work.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 30-Aug-2012 Share ] Contact: Matt Swayne
mls29@psu.edu
814-865-9481
Penn State
Fungi found in plants may not be the answer to mitigating climate change by storing additional carbon in soils as some previously thought, according to an international team of plant biologists.
The researchers found that increased carbon dioxide stimulates the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) -- a type of fungus that is often found in the roots of most land plants -- which then leads to higher decomposition rates of organic materials, said Lei Cheng, post doctorate fellow in plant science, Penn State. This decomposition releases more carbon dioxide back into the air, which means that terrestrial ecosystems may have limited capacity to halt climate change by cleaning up excessive greenhouse gases, according to the researchers.
"Prior to our study, there have been few studies on whether elevated levels of carbon dioxide would stimulate organic carbon decomposition through AMF," said Cheng.
To study the effect of higher levels of carbon dioxide on AMF-mediated decomposition, the researchers conducted four experiments, two in greenhouses and two in fields to mimic the earth's expected North American atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. They studied plots of a wild oat species, which is native to Eurasia and now common in North American grasslands, and wheat.
In the experiments, one plot was treated with AMF, the other did not have the fungus. Both plots were exposed to higher than currently existing carbon dioxide levels. After a ten-week gestation period, the sample of plants with AMF had 9 percent less carbon in the soil than the plot that was not treated with AMF, indicating that the carbon was released back into the atmosphere.
"Basically, we showed that elevated carbon dioxide increases carbon allocation to AMF to increase plant nitrogen uptake, and higher AMF facilitate organic residue decomposition which releases carbon dioxide into the air," said Cheng.
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide did significantly increase the size of the AMF colonies and carbon allocation underground, according to the researchers, who released their findings in the Aug. 30 issue of Science. However, the storage of carbon is offset by the role of AMF in facilitating decomposition.
"We used to think that this excess carbon would be sequestered in the soil," said Cheng. "So, that could help mitigate climate change, but it doesn't appear to be so."
They also studied the effect on a wheat and soybean field. In this experiment, Cheng said elevated levels of carbon dioxide increased both the size of AMF colonies and decomposition.
AMF colonies, which are found in the roots of 80 percent of land plant species, play a critical role in the earth's carbon cycle. The fungus receives and stores carbon -- a byproduct of the plant's photosynthesis -- from its host plant in its long vein-like structures. A plant stores about 20 percent of its carbon in AMF, according to Cheng.
AMF also help the plant capture nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen.
"We found that, under elevated carbon dioxide levels, AMF supply more nitrogen to their host plants by acquiring ammonium directly from decomposing residues," Cheng said. "So the good news is that AMF's role in the plant's nitrogen uptake may open up the possibility of keeping carbon in the soil."
When there are higher carbon dioxide levels, the plant's ability to take in nitrates is inhibited and it then adds more carbon to fungi like AMF to acquire ammonium, said Cheng. The management of soil nitrogen transformations may provide a promising strategy of restoring levels of carbon sequestration under higher carbon dioxide conditions.
###
Cheng worked with Fitzgerald L. Booker, plant physiologist and professor of crop science, and Kent O. Burkey, plant physiologist and professor of crop science and botany, both of North Carolina State University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; Thomas W. Rufty, Bayer Distinguished Professor, department of crop science, Shuijin Hu, associate professor of plant pathology, H. David Shew, professor of plant pathology, and Cong Tu, research specialist, all of North Carolina State University, and Lishi Zhou, department of plant pathology, North Carolina State University and State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science.
The USDA supported this work.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-08/ps-pfa083012.php
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Spineless creatures under threat, from worms to bees-study
Source: Reuters
Posted on:
Friday, Aug 31, 2012, 7:35am
Views: 5
Source: http://www.labspaces.net/123113/Spineless_creatures_under_threat__from_worms_to_bees_study
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Post3.5_Jobs_OM Instructor II 08.09.2012
Job Title:??????????? ??????????? ??????????? Orientation & Mobility Instructor II
Classification:??????????? ??????????? Non-Exempt/Full-Time
Reports to:??????????? ??????????? ??????????? Daily Living Skills Team Lead
?
Society for the Blind is currently seeking qualified candidates to fill a position of Orientation & Mobility Instructor II. Our mission is to empower individuals who are blind or have low vision to live productively and independently by building confidence through training, tools and mentorship. Society for the Blind is a 501c3 organization serving Northern California, with a focus on Sacramento, Placer and Yolo counties.
?
General Description: The essential function of the job is to teach clients how to maneuver and utilize Orientation & Mobility aids, methods and services intended to assist in the development of the client?s independence and personal skills.
?
Duties:
Instruction:
?
Documentation
?
Team building and Networking
?
Other Duties:
?
Qualifications:
AER-certified institutions
or
O&M programs sponsored by the U.S. Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA).
?
To Apply
Submit cover letter and resume by email to Diane Starin, Daily Living Skills Team Lead at dstarin@societyfortheblind.org
?
NO PHONE CALLS PLEASE!
Application?s deadline: Until the position is filled.
Source: http://www.operationmom.org/wordpress/?p=1035
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The energetic convention that crowned Mitt Romney Republican presidential nominee injected fresh momentum into his bid, starting the gun on 10 weeks of hectic campaigning and a nail-biting election.
There were no major hiccups during three nights of political razzle-dazzle that had many strong points, including a bold attempt by his wife Ann to show his more human qualities and a consummate performance from running-mate Paul Ryan.
After a barnstorming introduction from rising Hispanic star Florida Senator Marco Rubio, Romney produced a steady if not spectacular speech that nonetheless presented him with a prime-time pitch for his jobs and economy message.
The convention focused on a carefully choreographed attempt to rebrand the candidate's awkward image, using Olympians to remind American voters that the former Massachusetts saved the 2002 Winter Olympics from financial ruin, and even members of his Mormon church to humanize him.
But University of Wisconsin-Madison political science professor Charles Franklin told AFP that the makeover may not have entirely succeeded.
"I think it is asking a lot of a single convention to completely change the image of any candidate, especially at the end of a long primary season and, in Romney's case, a presidential run four years ago," Franklin said.
"I believe the convention may get some voters at least to look on Romney in a slightly different way in terms of personal appeal, but it was a very hard goal to achieve, to fundamentally change the way voters see him."
Candidates typically get around a five percent poll bump from their nominating conventions, but experts did not expect such a big move from either Romney or Democratic President Barack Obama this time around.
"What's difficult for Romney is simply the fact that the Democratic convention picks up in just four days so there's not very much time for the Republican message to stand alone before the Democrats get the last word," Franklin said.
After trailing for months, the multimillionaire former venture capitalist has recently drawn even in national polls with Obama, an incumbent saddled with a sluggish US economy and stubbornly high unemployment.
Romney has touted his business acumen, arguing that he has the skills necessary to steer America back to prosperity, but he trails Obama badly in terms of likability and can come across as stiff, awkward and out of touch.
An ABC News/Washington Post poll carried out ahead of the convention found that just 40 percent of Americans viewed Romney "favorably overall" while 51 percent view him as unfavorable.
That's considerably worse than Obama, who enjoys a 50-47 percent rating, and Romney's are the lowest favorability ratings of any major party nominee at the time of the convention since at least 1984, the pollsters said.
"The Romney convention speeches show that the campaign believes the theme is in fact the weakness of the Obama administration and they're ready to pick that battle up," said Franklin, the co-founder of Pollster.com.
"I think we have the makings in the Romney theme tonight, the substance, of two months of hard-fought campaigning."
Ryan definitely energized Romney's White House bid on Wednesday as he took the baton of vice presidential nominee with a scathing take-down of Obama's economic record that was particularly well-received by the Republican faithful.
The Wisconsin congressman challenged Obama head-on about the serious issues facing America, curbing the deficit and restoring growth, although the media's initially glowing report card was later tarred as fact-checking revealed a few questions of accuracy.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/romney-coronation-augurs-election-nail-biter-054909670.html
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File this under ?things that should go without saying,? but Nolan Ryan said it anyway. Because some radio host asked him if the Rangers would be interested in being part of a Roger Clemens comeback:
?I think obviously things will be dictated by how he recovers and if he feels he can go out there and continue throwing and if he can build up some stamina. I think we just have to stay tuned. I might call him, but I don?t think I?ll be calling him about a job.?
Nolan: Hey, Roger, how are ya?
Roger: Good, sir. Calling me about a job?
Nolan: Heck, no. We?re actually playing serious baseball games, son, not running a circus sideshow.
Roger: ?
Nolan: Hey, Roger. Know what?s hilarious?
Roger: What?
Nolan: Despite the fact that you were a better pitcher than me by every conceivable measure, if you asked 1000 people, I bet 800 of them would say I was. ?Ain?t that a daisy!
Roger: ?
Source: http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2012/08/29/roger-clemens-wont-be-a-texas-ranger/related/
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Mozilla might be scaling back its official support of Thunderbird, but it still has love left for those who yearn for more in their e-mail clients than OS developers can give. The newly-released Thunderbird 15 update's most conspicuous change is a deliberate visual harmony with its Firefox cousin: the company wants its apps to have more in common than just a shared name on the About screen. Under the hood, there's now a live chat feature to skip the wait for e-mail, a Do Not Track option for web searches and the choice of using Ubuntu One cloud storage for large attachments. It's hard to know if future Thunderbird releases will be as substantial once the community takes the reins. For now, though, Thunderbird aficionados can relax.
[Thanks, Keith]
Filed under: Internet, Software
Mozilla releases Thunderbird 15 with Firefox-like UI, live chat originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 29 Aug 2012 02:51:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Mozilla | Email this | Comments
Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/ZpnflAR0ydE/
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What Republican delegates are saying about veep nominee Paul Ryan:
"I think he's a rock star for the Republicans." ? Allie Burgin of Wynnewood, Okla.
"He'll definitely shake things up." ? Gary Inmon of San Antonia, Texas.
"We shouldn't be afraid of big ideas." ? Scott Baker of Willis, Texas, an alternate delegate who says Ryan bring big ideas on Medicare and Social Security.
"It's nice to have someone from my generation, and someone who's a Catholic, and a conservative. I can very much identify with him." ? Patrick Burns of Marietta, Ga.
? Gerrad Carson
___
EDITOR'S NOTE ? Convention Watch shows you the 2012 political conventions through the eyes of Associated Press journalists. Follow them on Twitter where available with the handles listed after each item.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/rock-star-ryan-010221621--election.html
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Consumer advice can be a little hard to come by these days, especially in regards to credit cards. This article was written to teach you about the proper way to use credit cards. Lots of people use credit cards but not many of them use them correctly. This can financially hurt people.
A smart move for all card users is to get free credit reports annually and check them for accuracy. Compare your statements to the debt on your credit report and make sure they match up.
Look carefully at each month?s credit card statement when it comes in. Always verify the accuracy of new charges you see on the statement. If there are any charges that do not display the proper amount or ones that were not made by you, you need to contact the credit card company as soon as possible. It is simpler to resolve billing disputes when the issue is addressed right away.
It is better to reserve one credit card for purchases that you make online. That way, if anyone fraudulently uses your credit card, the extent of the damage will be minimized. If you use more than one card online, then your risk of being compromised is increased, so limit yourself to using only one for Internet use and nothing else.
If you notice a fraudulent charge on your credit card, report it immediately. This will give the company a greater possibility of catching the perpetrator. This will help ensure you are not liable for any fraudulent charges against the card. The minute you notice a charge that could be fraud, an email or phone call to the credit card provider can commence the dispute process.
Credit cards are privileges, not rights. When you make good choices it will help your credit, but it will hurt you if you make bad ones. A person who is responsible with their credit card accounts makes the payments when due each month and tracks charges.
Post a running tally of your current month?s credit card spending on your refrigerator or bulletin board. This will help remind you of your ongoing total and what exactly, you are spending it on. By not keeping track of credit card spending, it is too easy for this to get out of hand and then being in a position of not being able to repay is very real.
Never believe your offered interest rate is absolute and should remain this way. Credit card companies compete with each other for your business, and they all use a range of different rates to attract cusotmers. If your interest rate is higher than you would like it to be, make a call and ask the bank to reduce it.
It is necessary for you to sign any credit card as soon as you receive it. A lot of people do not and this can make you a victim of fraud, since the cashier will not know it is not you. Most merchants require that your signature matches your I.D. This can help to ensure no one uses your card unauthorized.
If you own a credit card, try not to let temptation get the better of you. Knowing you have the ability to spend thousands of dollars can be very tempting! This can cause you major financial trouble. Think about a large purchase for at least 48 hours before charging it on your credit card. This will help to limit impulse buying.
Bigger, more established credit card providers usually offer the best deals for your new credit card. Most of the time they have more benefits and they are more reputable. Major companies also have better track records, better customer service, and they?re more likely to give you a card in the first place. When all is said and done, your financial future is on the line.
Negotiate interest rates with your credit card company. You can often negotiate the rate down a percentage point or two if you contact the credit card issuer. If you are a good customer with a record of making timely payments, they are likely to grant you a better APR upon request.
Your natural inclination may be to pay down your credit card whenever you have the money to do so. This isn?t always the best move. It is best just to pay it off each month when the bill is due. This will better benefit your credit score.
As you have seen, it can be all too easy to cause problems for yourself by using credit cards improperly. Too many cards and purchases that are not wise are just a couple of ways to get yourself into trouble with credit cards. Use the information you?ve read here to become a more educated credit user and make smart financial decisions.
How To Manage Your Credit Cards And Stay Out Of Debt
Credit cards have gotten a very bad rap over the last few years. This article will show you how credit cards can be used to your advantage, how to keep from making mistakes that can cost you, and most importantly, how to get yourself out of trouble if you?ve already waded in too deep.
We highly recommend you Compare Credit Cards in order for you to find the best information on student credit cards bad credit
If your credit card becomes stolen or lost, report it immediately. Most credit card issuers have a special number to call just to report a loss. To keep you further protected, it is best to write a follow up letter to the issuer. This letter should have the card number, when your card went missing and the date you reported the card lost.
It may seem unnecessary to many people, but be sure to save receipts for the purchases that you make on your credit card. Take the time each month to be sure that the receipts match up to your credit card statement. It will help you manage your charges, as well as, help you catch unjust charges.
When choosing the right credit card for your needs, you need to make sure that you pay attention to the interest rates offered. If you see an introductory rate, pay close attention to how long that rate is good for. Interest rates are one of the most important things when getting a new credit card.
Be sure to get assistance, if you?re in over your head with your credit cards. Try contacting Consumer Credit Counseling Service. This nonprofit organization offers many low, or no cost services, to those who need a repayment plan in place to take care of their debt, and improve their overall credit.
You may want to consider using layaway, instead of credit cards during the holiday season. Credit cards traditionally, will cause you to incur a higher expense than layaway fees. This way, you will only spend what you can actually afford during the holidays. Making interest payments over a year on your holiday shopping will end up costing you far more than you may realize.
If you are about to start a search for a new credit card, be sure to check your credit record first. Make sure your credit report accurately reflects your debts and obligations. Contact the credit reporting agency to remove old or inaccurate information. A little time spent upfront will net you the best credit limit and lowest interest rates that you may be eligible for.
Consider working with a big company which is regulated by the right organization. To be safe, go with a company that is listed or one that a listing company owns. If you aren?t going with a big company, you run the risk of them doing shady things with your account, such as charging you outrageous fees and raising the interest rates really high.
Hopefully the above article has given you the information necessary to avoid getting in to trouble with your credit cards! It can be so easy to let our finances slip away from us, and then we face serious consequences. Keep the advice you have read here in mind, the next time you go to charge it!
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Source: http://articlesfair.com/uncategorized/credit-card-tips-that-can-change-your-life/
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Have you heard of Donor Advised Funds (often known as DAFs)?? Many people haven?t but they are well worth learning about and ascertaining if they can help you begin or continue Making A Difference? in your community while achieving your philanthropic dreams and goals.? Be warned that many reading this will think it is a vehicle and option only for the wealthy but, be assured, most DAFs can be started with a minimal amount.? Read on and find out more about this opportunity that has been in existence for nearly 80 years!
DAFs are charitable giving accounts that are handled by a sponsoring organization, often a community foundation or for-profit financial services company (which usually charges a fee based on the balance and number of transactions annually).? Providing significant benefits (more about that below) to the donor, they are relatively simple to set up, require less expense and time, offer privacy while maintaining advisory opportunities and are more flexible than private or family foundations.
So how do they work, you might ask?? The donor contributes an irrevocable, tax-deductible asset to the sponsoring organization (i.e., community foundation) with directions on how it should be invested before its is granted.? The donor, if they so choose, then suggests the distribution of these funds as grants from their accounts to specific charitable organizations ? or fields of interest ? over time. The sponsoring organization, however, retains the legal authority on how the funds are distributed.
While it?s not unheard of, most nonprofit organizations do not set up DAFs themselves, unless this is their mission, as with many community foundations.? With little income going directly to the nonprofit, the costs of maintaining, handling, directing and granting DAFs can be substantial, and the final distribution of grants goes to other nonprofit organizations.? With this in mind, the creation of DAFs by existing nonprofits may not match their goals or provide new income opportunities when the costs and resources are considered.
But for high net worth (or even not so high net worth) donors, the opportunities from funding DAFs, instead of family foundations, can be considerable.? This is a significant reason why the number of DAFs is growing substantially.
DAFs have been around since the 1930s, but began to grow exponentially about 20 years ago.? In 2009 ? a year for which detailed statistics are available ? DAFs had $25.2 billion in assets, distributed $6 billion in grants and had an average account size of just over $150K.
As a point of reference, the largest organizations managing DAFs are:
So how do you get started?? Here are several reasons for you to consider establishing a DAF:
Additional information on DAFs is readily available:
Additional information can also be found at
While DAFs have only been legally defined since 2006, their tremendous growth and substantial benefits make them an important part of the discussion for anyone considering creating a foundation or other ongoing giving vehicle. ?So start today.? Talk to your accountant, financial planner or make a call to your community foundation to begin the discussion.? You might be surprised at how Making A Difference? is easily accomplished through DAFs.
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ScienceDaily (Aug. 28, 2012) ? There are more than 400,000 species of beetles and only two species of the tuatara, a reptile cousin of snakes and lizards that lives in New Zealand. Crocodiles and alligators, while nearly 250 million years old, have diversified into only 23 species. Why evolution has produced "winners" -- including mammals and many species of birds and fish -- and "losers" is a major question in evolutionary biology.
Scientists have often posited that because some animal and plant lineages are much older than others, they have had more time to produce new species (the dearth of crocodiles notwithstanding). This idea -- that time is an important predictor of species number -- underlies many theoretical models used by biologists. However, it fails to explain species numbers across all multi-cellular life on the planet, a team of life scientists reports Aug. 28 in the online journal PLoS Biology, a publication of the Public Library of Science.
"We found no evidence of that," said Michael Alfaro, a UCLA associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and senior author of the new study. "When we look across the tree of life, the age of the group tells us almost nothing about how many species we would expect to find. In most groups, it tells us nothing."
Another idea, that some groups are innately better or worse at producing species, similarly fails to explain differences in species number among all of the major living lineages of plants and animals, the life scientists found.
"We know that some groups, like flowering plants or cichlid fishes, have been exceptionally good at producing species during certain periods of their evolutionary history," Alfaro said. "However, when we look at the ages of all of the major groups of plants and animals, these differences in speciation rate are not sufficient to explain the differences in species number that exist in extant groups."
Alfaro and his colleagues studied 1,397 major groups of multi-cellular eukaryotes -- including animals, plants and fungi -- that account for 1.2 million species. Working as "evolutionary detectives," they were able to see whether the groups that split the earliest tended to have the most species. They assigned a "species richness score" to these 1,397 groups, using novel statistical and computational methods they developed.
If age does not explain species diversity, an alternative idea is that a lineage will produce species up until the point that it fills an "adaptive zone" that allows a maximum number of species, Alfaro said. In other words, a lineage of bats, whales or penguins has a maximum capacity that is determined by habitat requirements and competitors.
When an adaptive zone is first colonized, the growth of new species will be rapid, up until that limit has been reached. Once a zone is full, this speciation rate will level off. New species will not emerge until one of two events occurs: First, an existing species may go extinct, in which case it may be replaced. Second, a species within the adaptive zone may evolve a new trait -- sharp teeth, wings, chemical defenses or camouflage, for example -- that confers a significant ecological advantage and takes it into a new adaptive zone, creating opportunities for new species to emerge,Alfaro said.
"Adaptive zones are an old idea in evolutionary biology, but there is little understanding of whether speciation rates or adaptive zones are more important in explaining species richness across the tree of life," Alfaro said. "If adaptive zones control biodiversity at the broadest scales, then the rate of species growth will be a good explanation of species richness only right after a lineage has entered into a new adaptive zone. Once the adaptive zone has filled up, then, no matter how much time goes by, the number of species will not change much."
Thus, these adaptive zones, which Alfaro also calls "ecological limits," serve to restrict the number of new species that can emerge.
"Most of the groups that we studied have hit their limits," he said. "Ecological limits can explain the data we see. What's really driving things is how many times lineages evolve new innovations that move them into new adaptive zones.
"The ultimate goal in our field is to have a reconstruction of the entire evolutionary history of all species on the planet," Alfaro added. "Here we provide a piece of the puzzle. Our study sheds light on the causal factors of biodiversity across the tree of life."
Daniel Rabosky, an assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor is the lead author of the study, and Graham Slater, a National Science Foundation-funded UCLA postdoctoral scholar in ecology and evolutionary biology, is a co-author.
The research is funded by the National Science Foundation and by the University of California's Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science.
In a 2009 study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Alfaro and his colleagues reported that mammals and many species of birds and fish are among evolution's "winners," while crocodiles, alligators and a reptile cousin of snakes and lizards known as the tuatara are among the "losers." That study also showed that new species emerge nearly as often as they die off.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - Los Angeles. The original article was written by Stuart Wolpert.
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Source: http://curryrecipe-jp.net/health-2/eagle-health-and-wellness/
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YOLA, Nigeria (AP) ? An emergency management official in northeast Nigeria says 10 people were killed in floods that swept through the region.
Adamawa state Emergency Management Agency official Shadrach Daniel Baruk said others remained trapped by the flooding Sunday.
Baruk blamed the release of water from a dam in the neighboring nation of Cameroon for the flood. He said heavy rainfall in the rural region of farms and cattle ranches also contributed to the deadly deluge. He said thousands of people had been displaced.
The flooding in Adamawa state comes as flooding recently killed at least 68 people in Plateau state in central Nigeria.
Nigeria is experiencing its annual rainy season, which sees torrential rains fall throughout the West African nation.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/flooding-kills-10-northeast-nigeria-205846813.html
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Nationwide Mortgage Loans is a premiere Home Equity Lender that specializes in cash out refinancing opportunities for all types of borrowers. Home equity loan options have changed dramatically in the last few years. Gone are the days of no equity 125% loans using statistical appraisals?.
Question by Tina H: Can you refinance without going thru the purchase process if you already owner finance your home?
I did an owner finance on my home and now want to refinance. Is this possible without going thru credit checks etc.?
Best answer:
Answer by golferwhoworks
credit no that will be checked always. Now you must have also paid by check or to a management firm for verification of timely payments plus meet all the other criteria in doing this such as ability to pay the note and the home must appraise as well
I am a mortgage banker in TN
Add your own answer in the comments!
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We hope your heart wasn't set on snagging a Kindle Touch before heading off to school this fall. Both the WiFi and 3G versions of the reader are no longer available as new devices from Amazon's US pages -- if you want one at all in the country, you'll have to swing past a retail store or scour the virtual bargain bins for used models. Suffice it to say that the timing of this vanishing act is extremely convenient in light of Amazon's special event next week, although just what it means is very much an unknown. Is there a light-up sequel on its way? A winnowing of the e-reader line to fewer models? Or just a quick inventory check? We'll have a better answer on September 6th, but the out-of-stock notice is a not-so-friendly reminder that patience is a virtue.
Amazon Kindle Touch goes out of stock, sparks conspiracy theories originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 27 Aug 2012 11:32:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
Permalink |Amazon (WiFi), (3G) | Email this | Comments
Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/jVOreKJihhw/
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SAN DIEGO (AP) ? The Roman Catholic archbishop-elect of San Francisco has been arrested for investigation of driving under the influence in San Diego.
A police spokesman says the Rev. Salvatore Cordileone was arrested early Saturday morning.
In July, Pope Benedict XVI selected the Cordileone to replace Archbishop George Niederauer, who is retiring in October.
Cordileone was most recently bishop of Oakland and several years ago was an auxiliary bishop in San Diego.
He is a vigorous supporter of California's same-sex marriage ban.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/san-francisco-archbishop-elect-dui-arrest-191252317.html
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August 27th, 2012.
Today we have a list of 5 awkward extreme sports you may didn't know existed. What's more, not all of them are considered sports and rather present dangerous recreational activities. Let's roll...
Volcano surfing aka ash boarding aka volcano boarding is a weird sport in which riders hike up the erupted volcano and slide down, sitting or standing on a thin Plywood or metal board. What makes this sport extreme is the fact that you can fall off and get cut by the rough volcanic ash. Protective gear, like jump suits and goggles are used for those reasons.
In limbo skating or roller limbo a person drives on roller skates underneath an obstacle with a very low height like a horizontal pole without touching it. In order to do so, athletes spread their legs apart as much as they can and lean their upper body forward, with the face almost touching the ground. As with traditional limbo dance, several athletes may participate in a competition in which a pole is lowered from round to round. Whoever touches the pole is out, until only one winner remains. A variation of this sport is when athletes are skating under as many cars as possible.
Powerbocking is jumping and running with elastic-like spring-loaded stilts. It's considered an extreme sport, though some folks think of it as a form of exercise. The stilts themselves are often referred to generically as "bocks" or "powerbocks," or by their brand name. Each boot consists of a foot-plate with snowboard type bindings, rubber foot pad (aka hoof), and a fibreglass leaf spring. Using only their weight, and few movements, an athlete is able to jump 3-5 ft (1-1.5 metres) off the ground and run up to 20 mph (32 km/h)... Jumping stilts are best known from the closing ceremony of the 2008 Olympic games in Beijing.
Underwater hockey aka Octopush is a non-contact sport in which two teams of up to ten players (with six players on each team in play at once) compete to maneuver a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into goals. Games consist of two halves, typically 10-15 minutes long and a short half-time interval. At half time the two teams switch ends. Players wear a diving mask, snorkel and swimfins, and carry a short stick for playing the puck.
Zorbing, which is also known as globe-riding or sphereing, involves rolling downhill in an orb, usually made of transparent plastic. This sport is generally performed on a gentle slope, but can also be done on a level surface, permitting more rider control. There are two types of orbs, harnessed and non-harnessed, with the latter being able to carry up to 3 riders. Double-harness spheres have different slope requirements, and must only be operated in specific locations...
Source: http://3tend.com/article/5-extreme-sports-existed
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Getty ImagesThere?s little worse than having your starting quarterback leave with an injury in the preseason, but it looks like the Lions got little more than a temporary scare from Matthew Stafford on Saturday.
The Lions quarterback left the game with an injury to his left hand, but x-rays taken during the contest were negative. Stafford, who wore a wrap on the hand, said afterward that he would have returned if it had been a regular season game.
?Probably what would have happened in a regular season game is right after it happened, I would have up for x-rays,? Stafford said, via Anwar Richardson of MLive.com. ?If they would have said they were negative, I would have come back in the game. It feels okay right now. It feels fine, really. It?s scary to look down and see your hand swell up by the second.?
Running back Kevin Smith also seems to have avoided an injury that will keep him out of the lineup for an extended period. The oft-injured running back hurt his ankle early in the second half, but also got good news when x-rays came back negative on Saturday.
?It just gets scary under the pile of those big guys laying on you. It?s just a minor tweak, something I?m pretty sure I can get rid of quick. Just stay in the training room,? Smith said. ?More than anything, I was very scared. Just being that I had a high ankle sprain, I know how long it took to get back healthy. It?s not a high ankle sprain, so that?s positive. I?ll get in the treatment room and get back as soon as I can.?
Given the thin ranks at running back early in the season for Detroit, an injury to Smith would have forced the team to look for backfield help before the season starts. They still might do that, but it doesn?t appear they will be quite as desperate as many feared when Smith hobbled off the field in Oakland.
Now the Lions just need to clear up the status of the two cornerbacks who went down against the Raiders to make the whole night a momentary scare instead of a lingering problem.
?
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Craig Houtz / Reuters
Second Mile founder and assistant Penn State football coach Jerry Sandusky attends a Second Mile Easter egg hunt in State College, Pennsylvania, in this April 8, 1990 file photo.
By The Associated Press
HARRISBURG, Pa. -- A young man who testified against Jerry Sandusky sued Penn State on Friday for its "deliberate and shameful" handling of complaints that the former assistant football coach behaved inappropriately and sexually toward boys.
The suit filed by the person known as Victim 1 at Sandusky's trial said university officials made deliberate decisions not to report Sandusky to authorities.
It described their actions as "a function of (Penn State's) purposeful, deliberate and shameful subordination of the safety of children to its economic self-interests, and to its interest in maintaining and perpetuating its reputation."
The complaint was filed electronically in Philadelphia state court Friday night, Slade McLaughlin, a lawyer for Victim 1, told The Associated Press. The young man's initial accusations sparked the investigation that led to criminal charges against Sandusky and two university officials.
Sandusky, 68, was convicted in June of 45 criminal counts for sexual abuse of boys, both on and off campus. He awaits sentencing that will likely send him to prison for the rest of his life.
Penn State ex-president Graham Spanier: Freeh report on sex scandal is wrong
Victim 1 and his mother reported Sandusky to the boy's high school and the Clinton County child protective agency in November 2009. Their complaint triggered the state investigation that last year resulted in the criminal charges.
Former Penn State administrator Gary Schultz and athletic director Tim Curley, who is on leave, were charged with perjury and failure to report suspected child abuse. Both deny the allegations and are expected to go on trial in January.
Famed football coach Joe Paterno was fired. He died last January.
The suit draws heavily from court testimony, grand jury investigations and Penn State's own investigative report, conducted by former FBI director Louis Freeh. The report details how university officials handled the claims against Sandusky and Sandusky's behavior. Victim 1 is known as "John Doe C" in the complaint. The suit names no other defendants than the State College university.
Related content:
University spokesman Dave La Torre said the school has no comment on the pending litigation.
"The university takes these cases very seriously," La Torre said, adding that the current president and board "have publicly emphasized that their goal is to find solutions that rest on the principle of justice for the victims."
The suit claimed that a "special relationship" between Penn State and The Second Mile, a Sandusky-founded charity for youth, gave Sandusky a respectable public image and connections that enabled him to perform criminal acts.
The young man known as "Victim 2" in the Jerry Sandusky sex abuse case spoke out for the first time through his attorneys about how the former Penn State coach abused him and stalked him with phone messages. NBC's Ron Allen reports.
It alleged "(Penn State) believed its reputation and economic interests would be adversely impacted if the public learned that a man closely associated with the school's football program was, in fact, a pedophile."
The Second Mile's future remains uncertain, subject to a legal dispute.
'Numerous victims'
According to the lawsuit, Victim 1 met Sandusky about eight years ago, when the boy was 11 and a first-year participant in a camp sponsored by The Second Mile. In his second year, the boy drew Sandusky's attention and accepted invitations to spend nights at the coach's State College home and to attend professional sports events, the suit said.
Over a three-year period ending in 2008, the suit said, Sandusky assaulted the boy more than 100 times, including fondling and oral sex. The lawsuit claims Sandusky attacked "numerous victims over a span of 30 years," but noted that his criminal trial was limited to a 15-year period and 10 victims.
Following Victim 1's testimony, Sandusky was convicted of all six counts that related to him, including involuntary deviate sexual intercourse for instances of oral sex.
The suit alleged negligence, fraudulent concealment, intentional infliction of emotional distress and civil conspiracy. It said Victim 1 has suffered physical and emotional injuries and will likely need medical and psychological help well into his future. The suit seeks compensatory and punitive damages.
Another Sandusky accuser has filed a federal lawsuit related to the scandal and a second victim has filed a court notice that he will file complaint. Lawyers have suggested others may take legal action.
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? 2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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TRIPOLI (Reuters) - Libya's interior minister resigned on Sunday after being criticised for not doing enough to curb a surge of attacks on Sufi Muslim shrines and mosques, an aide said.
Attackers, described as ultra-conservative Islamists by some officials, bulldozed two sites sacred to Sufi Muslims in the western city of Zlitan and the capital Tripoli on Friday and Saturday.
Libya's General National Congress, the country's newly-elected assembly, called an emergency meeting late on Saturday and criticised government security forces for failing to stop the assaults.
"(Interior) Minister Fawzi Abdel A'al submitted his resignation in protest against the unacceptable words from the national congress," his aide Ziad Muftah told Reuters.
"The resignation has not been accepted by the prime minister's office yet."
Government officials said both attacks were launched by Islamists who found Salafi shrines and practices idolatrous.
Libya's rulers have struggled to control armed groups who are competing for power in the north African country a year after the revolution that overthrew strongman leader Muammar Gaddafi.
(Reporting by Hadeel Al-Shalchi; Editing by Andrew Heavens)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/libya-minister-quits-criticism-over-attacks-171924190.html
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Aug 26th, 2012 by by admin
The term rehab in the minds of many is closely associated to imprisonment from the family in order to recover from the abuse of dangerous substances. The fact that individuals are kept away from the initial environment is true but for the sake of a full recovery. When it comes to drugs, every abuse is caused by different causes and therefore treated differently too. This rehab facility accommodates several options of recovery starting from detox, alcohol and drug rehab, dual diagnosis for mental instability and wellness care. At Unity Rehab the orientation is clear, a full circle recovery.
Unity Rehab is supported by a staff of the most professional members. Doctors, psychologists, nurses and staff are always there to help you through and assist your needs. The sooner you refer a loved one for help the sooner they can go through treatment and recover. The focus of the treatment not only underlines zero use of drugs, but the readiness to return to the initial environment with a new spirit, perspective, point of view and energy. Many have overcome the challenge and many have succeeded, proving nothing is impossible. The team have pocketed many years of experience allowing you to rest assured your loved ones are in good hands.
The team works on a customized program that is determined after the diagnosis stage. The diagnosis stage is very important as it functions to identify the cause. Without the cause the treatment would be redundant and less effective. Therefore the diagnosis covers as far as it can, dually diagnosing mental impacts and physical implications too. After this stage is accomplished the process moves on to the tailored treatment. Designed to meet the exact needs of the patient to fully recover the output of it is to be able to return to their initial community and fight the urge of abuse with no trouble.
Source: http://www.informapharma.com/fighting-the-urge-of-abuse-at-unity-rehab/
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